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PFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

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PFAS Home Page
PDF – Full Document
1 Priority Topics (NEW 2026)
1 Priority Topics
1.1 Naming Conventions and Use
1.2 Firefighting Foams
1.3 Fate and Transport
1.4 Human and Ecological Health Effects
1.5 Sampling and Analysis
1.6 Treatment Technologies
1.7 Biosolids
1.8 PFAS and Microplastics
18 Sorption-Based Technologies Guidance (NEW 2026)
2 Naming Conventions and Use
2 PFAS Chemistry and Naming Conventions, History and Use of PFAS, and Sources of PFAS Releases to the Environment overview
2.1 Environmental Significance
2.2 Chemistry, Terminology, and Acronyms
2.3 Emerging Health and Environmental Concerns
2.4 PFAS Reductions and Alternative PFAS Formulations
2.5 PFAS Uses and Products
2.6 PFAS Releases to the Environment
3 Firefighting Foams
3 Firefighting Foams Overview
3.1 Foam Formulations
3.2 AFFF Characteristics
3.3 Mechanisms for Release to the Environment
3.4 AFFF Fate and Transport
3.5 Forensic Analysis of AFFF
3.6 AFFF Procurement and Inventory
3.7 Foam Systems and Operations
3.8 Emergency Firefighting Operations
3.9 Immediate Investigative and Cleanup Actions
3.10 AFFF Disposal
3.11 Firefighting Foam System Replacement
3.12 Federal, State and International Regulations and Guidance
3.13 Foam Research and Development
4 Physical and Chemical Properties
4 Physical and Chemical Properties Overview
4.1 Challenges and Limitations Related to PFAS Physical and Chemical Properties
4.2 Physical Properties
4.3 Chemical Properties
5 Fate and Transport
5 Environmental Fate and Transport Processes Overview
5.1 Fate and Transport Introduction
5.2 Phase Partitioning
5.3 Media-Specific Migration Processes
5.4 Transformations
5.5 PFAS Uptake into Aquatic Organisms
5.6 PFAS Uptake into Plants
6 Occurrence
6 Media-Specific Occurrence Overview
6.1 Air
6.2 Soil, Sediment, and Biosolids
6.3 Groundwater
6.4 Surface Water
6.5 Biota
7 Health Effects
7 Human and Ecological Health Effects of select PFAS Overview
7.1 Human Health Effects
7.2 Ecological Toxicology
8 Basis of Regulations
8 Basis of Regulations Overview
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Regulatory Programs
8.3 Differences in the Available Regulations, Advisories, and Guidance Regulatory
9 Site Risk Assessment
9 Site Risk Assessment Overview
9.1 Human Health Risk Assessment
9.2 Ecological Risk Assessment
9.3 Uncertainty
10 Site Characterization
10 Site Characterization Overview
10.1 Site Characterization Issues Relevant to PFAS
10.2 Initial Steps
10.3 Site Investigation
10.4 Data Analysis and Interpretation
10.5 Forensics and Source Identification
11 Sampling and Analysis
11 Sampling and Analysis Overview
11.1 Sampling
11.2 Analytical Methods/Techniques
11.3 Data Evaluation
11.4 Source Identification
12 Treatment Technologies
12 Treatment Technologies Overview
12.1 Overview
12.2 Field-Implemented Liquids Treatment Technologies
12.3 Field-Implemented Solids Treatment Technologies
12.4 Incineration
12.5 Air Treatment Technologies
12.6 Limited Application and Developing Liquids Treatment Technologies
12.7 Limited Application and Developing Solids Treatment Technologies
12.8 Integrated Water Treatment Solutions
12.9 Sustainability of PFAS Treatment
12.10 Improving Evaluation of PFAS Treatment Technologies
13 Stakeholder Perspectives
13 Stakeholder Perspectives Overview
13.1 Stakeholder Concerns
13.2 Specific Tribal Stakeholder Concerns
13.3 Stakeholder Resources
14 Risk Communication
14 Risk Communication Overview
14.1 Role of Risk Perception: Public Stakeholders and Decision Makers
14.2 Risk Communication Challenges
14.3 Risk Communication Planning and Engagement Tools
15 Case Studies
15 Case Studies Overview
15.1 Site Characterization Case Studies
15.2 Treatment Case Studies
15.3 Risk Assessment Case Study
15.4 Risk Communication Case Studies
15.5 Surface Water Quality Case Studies
16 Surface Water Quality
16 Surface Water Quality
16.1    Introduction
16.2 Protection of Human Health
16.3 Protection of Biota
16.4 Sampling and Analysis
16.5 Surface Water Foam
16.6 Effluent Limits for PFAS
16.7 Surface Water/Groundwater Interaction
17 Additional Information
17 Additional Information Overview
17.1 Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence
17.2 Additional Information for Human Health Effects
17.3 Additional Information for Risk Assessment
References
Acronyms
Glossary
Acknowledgments
PFAS Data Tables
PFAS Fact Sheets
PFAS Training Resources

 

PFAS — Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
HOME

PFAS

PFAS HOME

This Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) online document includes the resources that the ITRC PFAS Team has developed since it began work in 2017.

  • PFAS Fact Sheets
  • PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document
    • External Data Tables
  • Training Resources
    • Quick Explainer Videos
    • Longer PFAS Training Module Videos
    • Archived Roundtable Sessions
    • PFAS Training Page

You can reach this PFAS Home page from any of the pages on this web site with the Home button at the top of screen.

PFAS Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document

The last full update of this document was September 2023.

Some references were updated in May 2024. For example, USEPA Method 1633 is no longer a draft method; the USEPA MCLs were finalized, and the USEPA PFAS Destruction and Disposal Guidance Version 2 was published.

2024-25: The PFAS Team is working on additional content for PFAS that will be linked to the existing material when published.

 

⇐ ONLINE DOCUMENT: On this web page, use the Table of Contents shown in the left-hand navigation column to select a specific section of interest

  • Full Guidance Document PDF
  • Find the References, Glossary and Acronyms with these links or at the footer of the web

External Data Tables 

In many of the sections of the PFAS Guidance Document the team has developed tables that provide additional data and information to support the topics in the sections. These tables are linked here, along with identity of the section with which the table is associated.

    • Fact Sheets: PFAS Water and Soil Regulatory and Guidance Values Table Excel File
    • Fact Sheets: PFAS Air Criteria Table Excel File
    • Section 2: Figure 2-5 Expanded PFAS Family Tree PDF
    • Section 2: Table 2-5 USEPA Analytes List-PFAS Classifications PDF
    • Section 3: AFFF Characteristics Excel File
    • Section 3: AFFF Transition to F3 Case Studies Excel File
    • Section 4: Physical and Chemical Properties Table 4-1 Excel File
    • Section 5: Aquatic Organisms BCF-BAF Table 5-1 Excel file
    • Section 5: Plants BCF-BAF Table 5-2 Excel File
    • Section 8: PFAS Regulatory Programs Summary Excel File
    • Section 11: Analytical Methods Excel File
    • Section 11: PFAS Data Usability Table PDF
    • Section 12: Table 12-1 Treatment Methods Table Excel File
    • Section 12: Integrated Water Treatment Flow Chart PDF
    • Section 14: Risk Communication Social Factors Vision Board PDF
    • Section 15: Water Treatment Case Studies Excel File
    • Section 17.1: Table 17-1 A-C for Air PDF
    • Section 17.1: Table 17-2 A-C for Soil, Sediments, and Biosolids PDF
    • Section 17.2: Table 17-8 Toxicological Effects Excel File

Archived External Tables and Sections 

These resources are no longer being updated.

    • Fact Sheets: Basis for PFOA and PFOS Regulatory Values in Drinking Water Table Excel File 
    • Section 6: Media-Specific Occurrence PDF
    • Section 7.2: Ecotoxicology Data Summary Excel File
    • Section 12: Table 12-1 Liquids Treatment Methods Table PDF
    • Section 12: Table 12-2 Solids Treatment Methods Table PDF
    • Section 17-1: Additional Information for Media-Specific Occurrence PDF

Training Resources

Quick Explainer Videos

The PFAS Team developed brief explainer videos to accompany the fact sheets. The following links will redirect you to ITRC’s PFAS Explainer Videos on YouTube:

      • ITRC PFAS Team Introduction
      • PFAS Naming Conventions
      • PFAS History and Use
      • PFAS Fate and Transport
      • PFAS Remediation
      • PFAS Lab Analytical Methods
      • Aqueous Film Forming Foam

Longer PFAS Training Module Videos

The PFAS Team developed training module videos to accompany this Technical and Regulatory Document. The following links will redirect you to ITRC’s PFAS Training Module Videos on Youtube:

      • PFAS introduction
      • Naming Conventions and Physical and Chemical Properties
      • Production, Uses, Sources and Site Characterization
      • Sampling and Analysis
      • Fate and Transport
      • Human and Ecological Effects 
      • Risk Assessment and Regulations
      • Treatment Technologies
      • Aqueous Film-Forming Foam
      • Risk Communication

PFAS Training on Clu-In

      • PFAS Introductory Training
      • PFAS Beyond the Basics Training:
        • PFAS Beyond the Basics: Sampling, Analysis, Surface Water, & Air Occurrence
        • PFAS Beyond the Basics: PFAS Human Health, Ecological Effects and Regulations
        • PFAS Beyond the Basics: Topics on PFAS Biosolids: Sources, Transport, and Management of PFAS Surface Releases
        • PFAS Beyond the Basics: PFAS Fate and Transport, Site Characterization and Source ID Training
        • PFAS Beyond the Basics: Treatment Technologies 

Archived Round Table Sessions

 The PFAS Roundtable Sessions offered a unique opportunity to interact directly with PFAS experts from around the country on a different group of topics for each session. Each Roundtable is archived for On Demand listening and includes a Q&A Digest of all questions asked for the event, including those that were not addressed during the live class. 

      • Roundtable Session 1 – Naming Conventions, Sampling and Analytical Techniques, and History and Uses of PFAS (July 2020)
        • Roundtable Session 1 Digest
      • Roundtable Session 2 – Physical & Chemical Properties, Site Characterization, Fate and Transport (October 2020)
        • Roundtable Session 2 Digest
      • Roundtable Session 3 – AFFF and Treatment Technologies (April 6, 2021)
        • Roundtable Session 3 Digest
      • Roundtable Session 4 – Human and Ecological Health Effects, Site Risk Assessment, Regulations,  Risk Communication and Stakeholder Perspectives
        • Roundtable Session 4 Digest

Published by the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, September 2023

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