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USDOD. 2020. Module 3: Data Validation Procedure for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analysis by Quality Systems Manual for Environmental Laboratories (QSM) Table B-15. (Department of Defense/Department of Energy). May. https://denix.osd.mil/edqw/documents/documents/module-3-data-validation/

USDOD. 2021. DoD 2021 memo requiring use of EPA Method 1633 for media other than drinking water. https://denix.osd.mil/dod-pfas/osd-policies/documents/pfas-in-media/

USDOD. 2021. Module 3: Data Validation Procedure for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analysis by Quality Systems Manual for Environmental Laboratories (QSM) Table B-15. Version 5.4. (Department of Defense/Department of Energy). https://denix.osd.mil/edqw/

USDOD. 2022. Memorandum. Temporary Prohibition on Incineration of Materials Containing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense). April 26, 2022. https://media.defense.gov/2022/Apr/28/2002986273/-1/-1/1/TEMPORARY-PROHIBITION-ON-INC%5b…%5dNG-PRE-AND-POLYFLUOROALKYL-SUBSTANCES-PFAS-APRIL-26-2022.PDF

USDOD. 2022. Module 6: Data Validation Procedure for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Analysis by Quality Systems Manual (QSM) Table B-24. (Department of Defense/Department of Energy. Environmental Data Quality Workgroup). October 18, 2022. https://www.denix.osd.mil/edqw/denix-files/sites/43/2023/02/Module-6-Data-Validation-Guidelines-1633-PFAS-Final-1.pdf

USDOD. 2023. “DoD’s Environmental Security Technology Certification Program and DIU Partner to Advance Remediation of PFAS at U.S. Defense Installations.”. https://www.diu.mil/latest/dods-environmental-security-technology-certification-program-diu-partner-to

USDOD. 2023. Interim Guidance on Destruction or Disposal of Materials Containing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the United States. (Washington D.C.). 7/11/23. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/news.html

USDOD. 2023. Performance Specification. Fire Extinguishing Agent, Fluorine-Free Foam (F3) Liquid Concentrate, For Land-Based, Fresh Water Applications. MIL-PRF-32725. https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jan/12/2003144157/-1/-1/1/MILITARY-SPECIFICATION-FOR-FIRE-EXTINGUISHING-AGENT-FLUORINE-FREE-FOAM-F3-LIQUID-CONCENTRATE-FOR-LAND-BASED-FRESH-WATER-APPLICATIONS.PDF

USDOD. 2023. Performance Specification. Fire Extinguishing Agent, Fluorine-free Foam(F3) Liquid Concentrate, for land-based, freshwater applications. MIL-PRF-32725. https://media.defense.gov/2023/Jan/12/2003144157/-1/-1/1/MILITARY-SPECIFICATION-FOR-FIRE-EXTINGUISHING-AGENT-FLUORINE-FREE-FOAM-F3-LIQUID-CONCENTRATE-FOR-LAND-BASED-FRESH-WATER-APPLICATIONS.PDF

USDOD. 2023. Statement on the Department’s PFAS Cleanup Progress. (Washington, D.C.). July 17, 2023. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/news.html

USDOD. 2024. Department of Defense Incineration Moratorium Report to Congress. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/docs/reports/Incineration-Mortatorium.pdf

USDOD. 2024. DoD Occupational Medicine Provider Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Factsheet: A Guide for Department of Defense Occupational Medicine Providers Evaluating DoD Firefighters. Revision 1. https://www.health.mil/Reference-Center/Fact-Sheets/2024/12/01/DoD-Occupational-Medicine-Provider-PFAS-Factsheet

USDOD. 2024. Guidance for the Change Out from Aqueous Film Forming Foam to Fluorine-Free Firefighting Systems in Facilities. July 30, 2024. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/docs/policies/afff-fixed-change-memo_508.pdf

USDOD. 2024. Memorandum: Guidance for the Change Out from Aqueous Film Forming Foam in Mobile Firefighting Systems. March 5. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/docs/policies/Change-to-Mobile-F3-Agent.pdf

USDOD. 2024. Notification to Congress of One-Year Extension for the Deadline to end use of AFFF. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/eer/ecc/pfas/docs/reports/AFFF-Waiver.pdf

USDOD. 2025. DoD Environmental Data Quality Workgroup Memorandum Subject: Recommendation to Address Shorter Holding Times for Specific Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) When Using EPA Method 1633 for PFAS Investigations. https://www.denix.osd.mil/edqw/denix-files/sites/43/2025/04/EDQW-1633-Short-Hold-Times-White-Paper-032725.pdf

USDOD. 2025. Technology Readiness Assessment Guidebook. (Washington, D.C.).

USEPA Science Advisory Board. 2022. Review of EPA’s Analyses 16 to Support EPA’s National Primary Drinking Water Rulemaking for PFAS. Draft. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). April 1, 2022.

USEPA. 1972. Clean Water Act (CWA) Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. In Publ. Law 92-500.

USEPA. 1974. “Title XIV of The Public Health Service Act: Safety of Public Water Systems (Safe Drinking Water Act).”

USEPA. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. PB-85-227049. (Washington, D.C.: US EPA ORD). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-02/documents/guidelines-water-quality-criteria.pdf

USEPA. 1986. Guidelines for the Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. EPA/630/R-98/002. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-11/documents/chem_mix_1986.pdf

USEPA. 1986. Method 0010 Modified Method 5 Sampling Train. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/0010.pdf

USEPA. 1986. Permit Guidance Manual on Unsaturated Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Units. EPA/530-SW-86-040. (Washington, D.C.).

USEPA. 1987. Compendium of Superfund Field Operations Methods. EPA 540/P-87/001a OSWER 9355.0-14. September.

USEPA. 1988. CERCLA Compliance and Other Laws Manual: Interim Final. EPA/540/G-89/006.

USEPA. 1988. Determination of MCLGs and MCLs. WSG H15. (National Service Center for Environmental Publications.). October. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P100NBDX.TXT

USEPA. 1988. Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigations and Feasibility Studies under CERCLA. EPA/540/G-89/004, OSWER Directive 9355.3-01. October 1988.

USEPA. 1989. RCRA Facility Investigation Guidance. EPA 53/SW-89-031. May 1989.

USEPA. 1989. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part A). Interim Final. EPA/540/1-89/002. (US Environmental Protection Agency). December. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/rags_a.pdf

USEPA. 1989. Water Quality Criteria to Protect Wildlife Resources. EPA/600/3-89/067 PB 89 220016. (Corvallis, OR). https://nepis.epa.gov/EPA/html/Pubs/pubalpha_W.html

USEPA. 1990. Engineering Bulletin: Soil Washing Treatment. EPA540/2-90-017. (Washington, D.C.). September.

USEPA. 1991. ARARs Q’s and A’s: General Policy, RCRA, CWA, SDWA, Post-ROD Information, and Contingent Waivers. OSWER Publication 9234.2-01/FS-A. https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/174497.pdf

USEPA. 1991. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Volume 1- Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part B, Development of Risk-based Preliminary Remediation Goals). EP A/540/R-92/003. (Interim Office of Emergency and Remedial Response). December.

USEPA. 1992. Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment. EPA/630/R-92/001. (Washington, D.C.: Risk Assessment Forum US Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 1992. SW-846 Test Method 1311: Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-1311-toxicity-characteristic-leaching-procedure

USEPA. 1993. Innovative Site Remediation Technology Soil Washing/Soil Flushing Volume 3. EPA542/B93/012. (Washington, DC).

USEPA. 1993. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-40/chapter-I/subchapter-O/part-503

USEPA. 1993. Use of IRIS Values in Superfund Risk Assessment. OSWER Directive 9285.7-16. (Washington, DC: US EPA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/irismemo.pdf

USEPA. 1993. Wildlife Exposure Factors Handbook. USEPA/600/R-93/187. (USEPA). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=2799

USEPA. 1994. SW-846 Test Method 1312: Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-1312-synthetic-precipitation-leaching-procedure

USEPA. 1995. Final Water Quality Guidance for the Great Lakes System. 60 FR 1536. April.

USEPA. 1995. Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Criteria Documents for the Protection of Wildlife: DDT, Mercury, 2,3,7,8-TCDD, PCBs. EPA/820/B-95/008. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Water US EPA). March. https://tinyurl.com/jje955df

USEPA. 1995. Great Lakes Water Quality Initiative Technical Support Document for Wildlife Criteria. EPA-820-B-95-009. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Water US EPA). March. https://tinyurl.com/chptntfc

USEPA. 1995. User’s Guide for the Industrial Source Complex (ISC3) Dispersion Models, Volume II – Description of Model Algorithms. EPA-454/B-95-003b. (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: USEPA). https://gaftp.epa.gov/Air/aqmg/SCRAM/models/other/isc3/isc3v2.pdf

USEPA. 1996. A Citizen’s Guide to Soil Washing. EPA 542-F-96-002. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA OSWER (5102G)). April 1996.

USEPA. 1996. Emission Factor Documentation for AP-42. (Emission Factor and Inventory Group Office of Air Planning and Standards, Section 12.20). July 1996.

USEPA. 1996. Method 3542 Extraction of Semivolatile Analytes collected using Method 0010 (Modified Method 5 Sampling Train). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-12/documents/3542.pdf

USEPA. 1996. Soil Screening Guidance: User’s Guide. (Washington D.C.: Office of Emergency and Remedial Response U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/175238.pdf

USEPA. 1997. Best Management Practices for Soils Treatment Technologies. EPA530/R97/007. (Washington, D.C.).

USEPA. 1997. Clarification of the Role of Applicable, or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements in Establishing Preliminary Remedial Goals under CERCLA. OSWER Memorandum 9200.4-23. Aug 1997.

USEPA. 1997. Ecological Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund: Process for Designing and Conducting Ecological Risk Assessments – Interim Final. EPA 540-R-97-006, OSWER 9285.7-25, PB97-963211. (Washington, D.C.). June 1997.

USEPA. 1997. High Voltage Electron Beam Technology: High Voltage Environmental Applications, Inc. Demonstration Bulletin, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation. EPA/540/MR-96/504. (US EPA).

USEPA. 1997. Method 300.1: Revision 1.0, Determination of Inorganic Anions in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography. (Cincinnati, OH). https://www.epa.gov/esam/epa-method-3001-revision-10-determination-inorganic-anions-drinking-water-ion-chromatography

USEPA. 1998. Hard Chrome Fume Suppressants and Control Technologies. EPA/625/R-98/002. (National Risk Management Research Laboratory Center for Environmental Research Information, Office of Research and Development).

USEPA. 1998. Technical Protocol for Evaluating Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvents in Ground Water. EPA/600/R-98/128.

USEPA. 1999. Compendium Method TO-13A: Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ambient Air Using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air EPA/625/R-96/101b. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/documents/to-13arr.pdf

USEPA. 1999. Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Method TO-17. EPA/625/R-96/010b. (Cincinnati, OH: Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-11/documents/to-17r.pdf

USEPA. 1999. Physical Separation (Soil Washing) for Volume Reduction of Contaminated Soils and Sediments Processes and Equipment. EPA905/R99/006. (Washington, DC).

USEPA. 1999. Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation at Superfund, RCRA Corrective Action, and Underground Storage Tank Sites. OSWER Directive 9200.4-17P. April.

USEPA. 2000. Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet Land Application of Biosolids. EPA 832-F-00-64. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). September. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-11/documents/land-application-biosolids-factsheet.pdf

USEPA. 2000. Data Quality Objectives Process for Hazardous Waste Site Investigations. EPA QA/G-4HW Final. EPA/600/R-00/007. (USEPA). January 2000.

USEPA. 2000. EPA and 3M Announce Phaseout of PFOS. News Release. May 16, 2000.

USEPA. 2000. Guidance for Assessing Chemical Contaminant Data for Use in Fish Advisories. EPA 823-B-00-007. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-11/documents/guidance-assess-chemical-contaminant-vol1-third-edition.pdf

USEPA. 2000. Methodology for Deriving Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health. EPA-822-B-00-004. (Washington, DC: Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Science and Technology). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-10/documents/methodology-wqc-protection-hh-2000.pdf

USEPA. 2000. Perfluorooctyl Sulfonates: Proposed Significant New Use Rule. 65 Federal Register 62319.

USEPA. 2000. Risk Characterization: Science Policy Handbook. EPA 100-B-00-002.

USEPA. 2000. Science Policy Council Handbook, Risk Characterization. EPA 100-B-00-002. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-management#self

USEPA. 2000. Supplementary Guidance for Conducting Health Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures. EPA/630/R-00/002. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA). https://ofmpub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=4486

USEPA. 2000. Update, Guidance for Data Quality Assessment Practical Methods for Data Analysis EPA QA/G-9, QA00, EPA/600/R-96/084.

USEPA. 2001. Class I Underground Injection Control Program: Study of the Risks Associated with Class I Underground Injection Wells. Office of Water (Washington, D.C.). March 2001.

USEPA. 2001. Sulfluramid: Human Health Risk Assessment for Sulfluramid. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances). https://www3.epa.gov/pesticides/chem_search/cleared_reviews/csr_PC-128992_27-Mar-01_053.pdf

USEPA. 2002. National Recommended Water Quality Criteria: 2002. EPA-822-R-02-047. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4304T)). November 2002. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-12/documents/national-recommended-hh-criteria-2002.pdf

USEPA. 2003. AERMOD Deposition Algorithms – Science Document (Revised Draft). (Research Triangle Park, North Carolina USEPA). https://gaftp.epa.gov/Air/aqmg/SCRAM/models/preferred/aermod/aer_scid.pdf

USEPA. 2003. Air Pollution Control Fact Sheet Regenerative Incinerator. EPA-452/F-03/021. https://www.epa.gov/catc/clean-air-technology-center-products#factsheets

USEPA. 2003. Air Pollution Control Fact Sheet Thermal Incinerator. EPA-452/F-03-022. https://www.epa.gov/catc/clean-air-technology-center-products#factsheets

USEPA. 2003. Biosolids Technology Fact Sheet: Use of Incineration for Biosolids Management. EPA 832-F-03-013. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-11/documents/use-incineration-biosolids-management-factsheet.pdf

USEPA. 2003. Framework for Cumulative Risk Assessment. EPA/600/P-02/001F. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment (CPHEA), formerly known as the National Center for Environmental Assessment (NCEA)). https://www.epa.gov/risk/framework-cumulative-risk-assessment

USEPA. 2003. Human Health Toxicity Values in Superfund Risk Assessments. OSWER Directive 9285.7-53. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/hhmemo.pdf

USEPA. 2003. Methodology for Deriving Ambient Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Human Health (2000). Technical Support Document Volume 2: Development of National Bioaccumulation Factors. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1005EZQ.PDF?Dockey=P1005EZQ.PDF

USEPA. 2003. Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), Fluorinated Telomers; Request for Comment, Solicitation of Interested Parties for Enforceable Consent Agreement Development, and Notice of Public Meeting. 68 Federal Register 18626. (Washington D.C.: USEPA). April 16.

USEPA. 2004. An Examination of EPA Risk Assessment Principles and Practices. EPA/100/B-04/001. (Washington DC: Office of the Science Advisor.). March.

USEPA. 2004. Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk Assessment). (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/part_e_final_revision_10-03-07.pdf

USEPA. 2005. Guidance for Developing Ecological Soil Screening Levels. OSWER Directive 9285.7-55. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response). Revised February 2005.

USEPA. 2005. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. EPA/630.P-03/001F. (Washington, DC: Risk Assessment Forum US EPA).

USEPA. 2005. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocols for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities. https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/radionuclides/2005_HHRAP.pdf

USEPA. 2005. Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates; Significant New Use Rule, Final Rule. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2005-0015. https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0225-0022

USEPA. 2005. Science Advisory Board Consultation Document. Proposed Revisions to Aquatic Life Guidelines. Tissue-Based Criteria for “Bioaccumulative” Chemicals. (Prepared by the Tissue-based Criteria Subcommittee). August.

USEPA. 2005. Superfund Community Involvement Handbook. EPA 540-K-05-003. (Office of Emergency and Remedial Response). April.

USEPA. 2006. “Risk Management for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) under TSCA, PFOA Stewardship Program.” Last Modified July 1, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/risk-management-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass#tab-3

USEPA. 2006. 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program. EPA-HQ-2003-0012-1071.

USEPA. 2006. Data Quality Assessment: Statistical Methods for Practitioners EPA QA/G-9S, EPA/240/B-06/003.

USEPA. 2006. Guidance on Systematic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Process. EPA QA/G-4. EPA/240/B-06/001. February 2006.

USEPA. 2007. Communicating Radiation Risks. EPA-402-F-07-008. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Radiation and Indoor Air US Environmental Protection Agency). https://go.usa.gov/xnM8X

USEPA. 2007. Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates; Significant New Use Rule. 72 Federal Register 57222. (Washington D.C.). October 9.

USEPA. 2007. Risk Communication in Action: The Risk Communication Workbook. EPA/625/R-05/003. (National Risk Management Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development). August.

USEPA. 2008. Clean Diesel Technologies and Alternative Fuels. (San Francisco, CA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 9). March.

USEPA. 2008. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3—Draft. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2008-02-21/pdf/E8-3114.pdf

USEPA. 2008. Green Remediation: Best Management Practices for Excavation and Surface Restoration. EPA 542-F-08-012. (Office of Superfund and Remediation and Technology Innovation). December 2008.

USEPA. 2008. White Paper, Aquatic Life Criteria for Contaminants of Emerging Concern, Part I, General Challenges and Recommendations. (Office of Water/Office of Research and Development Emerging Contaminants Workgroup US EPA). June 3.

USEPA. 2009. Determination of Selected Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). USEPA Method 537, Rev 1.1, EPA 600-R-08-092. (USEPA).

USEPA. 2009. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3—Final. 74 Federal Register 51850. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2009-10-08/pdf/E9-24287.pdf

USEPA. 2009. Long-Chain Perfluorinated Chemicals (PFCs), Action Plan. (USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-01/documents/pfcs_action_plan1230_09.pdf

USEPA. 2009. Perfluorocarboxylic acid content in 116 Articles of Commerce. EPA/600/R-09/033. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=206124

USEPA. 2009. PFOS Chromium Electroplater Study. (Chicago, IL: US EPA – Region 5). https://www.in.gov/idem/ctap/files/plating_chromium_pfos_study.pdf

USEPA. 2009. Provisional Health Advisories for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). (USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-09/documents/pfoa-pfos-provisional.pdf

USEPA. 2009. Statistical Analysis of Groundwater Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities – Unified Guidance. EPA/530/R-09/007.

USEPA. 2009. Washington Works Facility Order on Consent under SDWA Section 1431. (USEPA). March 10.

USEPA. 2010. Guidance for Implementing the January 2001 Methylmercury Water Quality Criterion. EPA 823-R-10-001. (Washington, DC: Office of Water US EPA).

USEPA. 2010. NPDES Permit Writers’ Manual. Chapter 5. Technology-Based Effluent Limitations. EPA-833-K-10-001. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/pwm_chapt_05.pdf

USEPA. 2010. NPDES Permit Writers’ Manual. Chapter 6. Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations. EPA-833-K-10-001. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/pwm_chapt_06.pdf

USEPA. 2010. Superfund Green Remediation Strategy. (Washington, DC: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation USEPA).

USEPA. 2011. Background information for the Leaching environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF) test methods. EPA/600/R-10/170. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/leaching-environmental-assessment-framework-leaf-methods-and-guidance

USEPA. 2011. Design for the Environment Program Alternatives Assessment Criteria for Hazard Evaluation. Version 2.0. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Pollution Prevention & Toxics). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2014-01/documents/aa_criteria_v2.pdf

USEPA. 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final). EPA/600/R-09/052F. (Washington, D. C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/risk/recordisplay.cfm?deid=236252

USEPA. 2011. Recommended Use of Body Weight 3/4 as the Default Method in Derivation of the Oral Reference Dose. EPA/100/R11/0001. (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2012. A Citizen’s Guide to Incineration. EPA 542-F-12-010. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA OSWER (5102G)). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/a_citizens_guide_to_incineration.pdf

USEPA. 2012. A Framework for Sustainability Indicators at EPA. (Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development USEPA National Risk Management Research Laboratory).

USEPA. 2012. Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance. EPA/100/R-12/001. (Washington, D.C.). June. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-01/documents/benchmark_dose_guidance.pdf

USEPA. 2012. Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Implementing In Situ Thermal Technologies. EPA 542-F-12-029. (Office of Superfund and Remediation and Technology Innovation). October 2012.

USEPA. 2012. Methodology for Understanding and Reducing a Project’s Environmental Footprint. (Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation). September.

USEPA. 2012. National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutant Emissions: Hard and Decorative Chromium Electroplating and Chromium Anodizing Tanks; and Steel Pickling – HCl Process Facilities and Hydrochloric Acid Regeneration Plant. 77 Federal Register 58219. (Washington D.C.). September 19.

USEPA. 2013. Climate Change Adaptation Technical Fact Sheet: Groundwater Remediation Systems. EPA 542-F-13-004. (Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation). December 2013.

USEPA. 2013. Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Materials and Waste Management. EPA 542-F-13-003. (Office of Superfund and Remediation and Technology Innovation). December 2013.

USEPA. 2013. Porewater Sampling Operating Procedure. SESDPROC-513-R2. February.

USEPA. 2013. Science and Ecosystem Support Division (SESD) Operating Procedure: Potable Water Supply Sampling. SESDPROC-305-R3. Effective date May 30, 2013.

USEPA. 2013. Tier 3 Toxicity Value White Paper. OSWER Directive 9285.7-86. (USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-11/documents/tier3-toxicityvalue-whitepaper.pdf

USEPA. 2013. Toxicological Review of 1,4-Dioxane (with Inhalation Update). (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2014. Climate Change Adaptation Plan. 100-K14-001. (USEPA). June.

USEPA. 2014. Climate Change Adaptation Technical Fact Sheet: Landfills and Containment as an Element of Site Remediation. EPA-542-F-14-001. (Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation). May 2014.

USEPA. 2014. Emerging Contaminants Fact Sheet – PFOS and PFOA. EPA 505-F-11-002. May. .

USEPA. 2014. Estimated Fish Consumption Rates for the U.S. Population and Selected Subpopulations (NHANES 2003-2010). (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-01/documents/fish-consumption-rates-2014.pdf

USEPA. 2014. National Functional Guidelines for Superfund Organic Methods Data Review. USEPA-540-R-014-002. (OSWER 9335.0-132). (Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation). August.

USEPA. 2014. Naval Air Warfare Center Warminster Administrative Order under SDWA Section 1431. July 7.

USEPA. 2014. Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values for Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (CASRN 375-73-5) and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (CASRN 29420-49-3). (Cincinnati, OH: Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Center National Center for Environmental Assessment Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). July, 2013. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/pprtv/chemicalLanding.cfm?pprtv_sub_id=1843

USEPA. 2015. Administrative Order for Response Action. Docket No.: SDWA-01-2015-0061. (USEPA Region 1). https://semspub.epa.gov/work/01/584719.pdf

USEPA. 2015. Climate Change Adaptation Technical Fact Sheet: Contaminated Sediment Remedies. EPA 542-F-15-009. April.

USEPA. 2015. EPA’s Safer Choice Standard. (Washington, DC). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2013-12/documents/standard-for-safer-products.pdf

USEPA. 2015. Hazardous Waste Cleanup: Chemours Company FC, LLC (Formerly: Dupont Washington Works) in Washington, West Virginia. EPA ID: WVD045875291. https://www.epa.gov/hwcorrectiveactionsites/hazardous-waste-cleanup-chemours-company-fc-llc-formerly-dupont-washington

USEPA. 2015. Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria: 2015 Update. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/human-health-2015-update-factsheet.pdf

USEPA. 2015. Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate and Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate Chemical Substances; Significant New Use Rule. 80 Federal Register 2885. (Washington D.C.: USEPA). January 21.

USEPA. 2015. Proposed Rule: Significant New Use Rules: Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate and Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate Chemical Substances. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0225. (USEPA). https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=EPA-HQ-OPPT-2013-0225-0001

USEPA. 2015. Requirements for all Class I wells and class I hazardous waste wells. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/page_uic-class1_summary_class1_reqs_508c.pdf

USEPA. 2015. Risk-Screening Environmental Indicators (RSEI) Model Version 2.3.4. Technical Appendix B Physicochemical Properties for TRI Chemicals and Chemical Categories. (Washington, DC: USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/rsei/risk-screening-environmental-indicators-rsei-model-reference-document-history

USEPA. 2015. Technical Guide for Addressing Petroleum Vapor Intrusion at Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites. EPA 510-R-15-001. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Underground Storage Tanks U.S Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/ust/petroleum-vapor-intrusion

USEPA. 2015. Technical Guide for Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathway from Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air. OSWER Publication 9200.2-154. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response U.S Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/vaporintrusion/technical-guide-assessing-and-mitigating-vapor-intrusion-pathway-subsurface-vapor

USEPA. 2015. Use of Monitored Natural Attenuation for Inorganic Contaminants in Groundwater at Superfund Sites. OSWER Directive 9283.1-36. August.

USEPA. 2016. AERMOD Implementation Guide. EPA-454/B-16-013. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (Research Triangle Park, NC). April 2018.

USEPA. 2016. Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criterion for Selenium – Freshwater 2016. EPA 822-R-16-006. (Washington, DC: Office of Water US EPA).

USEPA. 2016. Definitions. 40 CFR Part 300, Subpart A, Section 300.5. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2016-title40-vol30/xml/CFR-2016-title40-vol30-chapI-subchapJ.xml#seqnum300.5

USEPA. 2016. Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). EPA 822-R-16-004. (Washington, DC: Office of Water US EPA, Health and Ecological Criteria Division). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfos_health_advisory_final_508.pdf

USEPA. 2016. Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 822-R-16-005. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfoa_health_advisory_final_508.pdf

USEPA. 2016. Ecological Effects Tests Guidelines OCSPP 850.1730: Fish Bioconcentration Factor (BCF). EPA 712-C-16-003. (Washington, D.C.). https://tinyurl.com/EPAEcoEffectsTests

USEPA. 2016. Fact Sheet PFOA and PFOS Drinking Water Health Advisories. EPA800-F-16-003. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-06/documents/drinkingwaterhealthadvisories_pfoa_pfos_updated_5.31.16.pdf

USEPA. 2016. Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). EPA 822-R-16-002. (Office of Water US EPA). May.

USEPA. 2016. Health Effects Support Document for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 822-R-16-003. (Office of Water US EPA). 2016. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfoa_hesd_final_508.pdf

USEPA. 2016. High-Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC). September 23, 2016. https://clu-in.org/characterization/technologies/hrsc/

USEPA. 2016. Memorandum, Consideration of Greener Cleanup Activities in the Superfund Cleanup Process. August 2, 2016.

USEPA. 2016. The Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 4). EPA 815-F-16-007. (Office of Water (MS-140) US EPA). December. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-03/documents/ucmr4-fact-sheet-general.pdf

USEPA. 2017. “Assessing and Managing Chemicals under TSCA.” Last Modified December 18, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca

USEPA. 2017. “Basic Information about Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs).”. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/basic-information-about-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass#tab-1

USEPA. 2017. “EPA History: Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.”. https://www.epa.gov/history/epa-history-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act

USEPA. 2017. “Epi Suite Estimation Program Interface.”. https://www.epa.gov/tsca-screening-tools/epi-suitetm-estimation-program-interface

USEPA. 2017. “Monitoring Unregulated Drinking Water Contaminants Occurrence Data for the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule.”. https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/occurrence-data-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule

USEPA. 2017. “New Chemicals Program Review of Alternatives for PFOA and Related Chemicals.”. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/new-chemicals-program-review-alternatives-pfoa-and.

USEPA. 2017. “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Overview PFAS CLU-IN.org page.”. https://clu-in.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/Per-_and_Polyfluoroalkyl_Substances_(PFASs)/cat/Overview/

USEPA. 2017. “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) under TSCA.”. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass-under-tsca

USEPA. 2017. “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): What EPA is Doing.”

USEPA. 2017. “Persistent Organic Pollutants: A Global Issue, A Global Response.”. https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/persistent-organic-pollutants-global-issue-global-response

USEPA. 2017. “Regional Screening Level (RSL) Calculator.”. https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/chemicals/csl_search

USEPA. 2017. “Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – Generic Tables (June 2017).”. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables

USEPA. 2017. “Research on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).”. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/research-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2017. “Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics, Village of Hoosick Falls, N.Y.”. https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/csitinfo.cfm?id=0202702

USEPA. 2017. A Practical Guide for Applying Environmental Sequence Stratigraphy to Improve Conceptual Site Models. EPA/600/R-17/293. (USEPA).

USEPA. 2017. Best Practices for Environmental Site Management: A Practical Guide for Applying Environmental Sequence Stratigraphy to Improve Conceptual Site Models. EPA/600/R-17/293.

USEPA. 2017. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 4—Final (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2017. EPA’s Non-CBI Summary Tables for 2015 Company Progress Reports (Final Progress Reports). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/2016_pfoa_stewardship_summary_table_0.pdf

USEPA. 2017. LEAF SW-846 Method 1313 – Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Extraction pH Using a Parallel Batch Extraction Procedure. Revision 1. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846

USEPA. 2017. LEAF SW-846 Method 1314: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio for Constituents in Solid Materials Using An Up-Flow Percolation Column Procedure. Revision 1. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846

USEPA. 2017. LEAF SW-846 Method 1315: Mass Transfer Rates of Constituents in Monolithic or Compacted Granular Materials Using a Semi-Dynamic Tank Leaching Procedure. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846

USEPA. 2017. LEAF SW-846 Method 1316: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-to-Solid Ratio in Solid Materials Using a Parallel Batch Procedure. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846

USEPA. 2017. Method 18 – Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by Gas Chromatography. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-08/documents/method_18.pdf

USEPA. 2017. National Functional Guidelines for Organic Superfund Methods Data Review. OLEM 9355.0-136, EPA-540-R-2017-002. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation (OSRTI)). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-01/documents/national_functional_guidelines_for_organic_superfund_methods_data_review_013072017.pdf

USEPA. 2017. SW-846 Test Method 1314: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio for Constituents in Solid Materials Using An Up-Flow Percolation Column Procedure. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-1314-liquid-solid-partitioning-function-liquid-solid-ratio-constituents

USEPA. 2017. Technical Fact Sheet – Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 505-F-17-001. Office of Land and Emergency Management. November. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=P10141RO.txt

USEPA. 2017. The Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 3): Data Summary, January 2017. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-02/documents/ucmr3-data-summary-january-2017.pdf

USEPA. 2017. Treatment of Perfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Wash Water Using Granular Activated Carbon and Mixed Media. June 2017.

USEPA. 2017. Update for Chapter 5 of the Exposure Factors Handbook. Soil and Dust Ingestion. EPA/600/R-17/384F. September. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-01/documents/efh-chapter05_2017.pdf

USEPA. 2017. Water Quality Standards Handbook: Chapter 3: Water Quality Criteria. EPA-823-B-17-001. (Washington, DC: Office of Science and Technology US EPA Office of Water). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-10/documents/handbook-chapter3.pdf

USEPA. 2018. “Assessing and Managing Chemicals under TSCA – Fact Sheet: 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program.” Last Modified March 4, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/fact-sheet-20102015-pfoa-stewardship-program#mfg

USEPA. 2018. “Contaminated Site Clean-up Information: Green Remediation Focus.” USEPA Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation. https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/

USEPA. 2018. “EPA Enterprise Vocabulary – Research – Research Resources – Analytical Methods and Protocols.”

USEPA. 2018. “GenX Chemicals Studies.” Last Modified April 30, 2018. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/genx-chemicals-studies

USEPA. 2018. “Groundwater and Drinking Water, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.”. https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations

USEPA. 2018. “Science Matters: EPA Toxicologists Focus Innovative Research on PFAS Compounds.”. https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epa-toxicologists-focus-innovative-research-pfas-compounds

USEPA. 2018. Data Review and Validation Guidelines for Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Analyzed Using EPA Method 537. EPA 910-R-18-001. https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P100VW12.PDF?Dockey=P100VW12.PDF

USEPA. 2018. DRAFT for Public Comment: Human Health Toxicity Values for Hexafluoropropylene Oxide (HFPO) Dimer Acid and Its Ammonium Salt (CASRN 13252-13-6 and CASRN 62037- 80-3). Also Known as “GenX Chemicals.” EPA Document Number: 823-P-18-001. (USEPA Office of Water).

USEPA. 2018. DRAFT for Public Comment: Human Health Toxicity Values for Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid (CASRN 375-73-5) and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (CASRN 29420 49 3). EPA Document Number: 823-R-18-307. (USEPA Office of Research and Development).

USEPA. 2018. Final 2016 Effluent Guidelines Program Plan. USEPA Office of Water (Washington DC). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-05/documents/final-2016-eg-plan_april-2018.pdf

USEPA. 2018. Long-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylate and Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonate Chemical Substances; Significant New Use Rule. USEPA Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention (Washington, D.C.). https://www.reginfo.gov/public/do/eAgendaViewRule?pubId=201810&RIN=2070-AJ99

USEPA. 2018. Method 537.1: Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). (Washington, D. C.: Office of Research and Development U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment).

USEPA. 2019. “Class I Industrial and Municipal Waste Disposal Wells.” Accessed June 18, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/uic/class-i-industrial-and-municipal-waste-disposal-wells

USEPA. 2019. “Drinking Water Treatability Database Introduction.” Last Modified 9-3-2019. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/drinking-water-treatability-database-tdb

USEPA. 2019. “EPA and Partners Describe a Chemical Category Prioritization Approach to Select 75 PFAS for Testing using New Approach Methods.” Last Modified February 26, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/sciencematters/epa-and-partners-describe-chemical-category-prioritization-approach-select-75-pfas

USEPA. 2019. “EPA New Approach Methods: Efforts to Reduce Use of Animals in Chemical Testing.” Last Modified August 31, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/research/epa-new-approach-methods-efforts-reduce-use-animals-chemical-testing

USEPA. 2019. “EPA Region 7 Leading Environmentalism and Forwarding Sustainability (L.E.A.F.S.) Awards.” Superfund Redevelopment Initiative. Last Modified 10/8/2019. https://www.epa.gov/superfund-redevelopment-initiative/epa-region-7-leading-environmentalism-and-forwarding

USEPA. 2019. “Integrated Risk Information System Glossary.” Version: Release/4.9.2

USEPA. 2019. “Methodology and Spreadsheets for Environmental Footprint Analysis (SEFA).” Accessed June 20, 2019. https://clu-in.org/greenremediation/methodology/#SEFA

USEPA. 2019. “PFAS Chemical Lists and Tiered Testing Methods Descriptions.” Last Modified September 4, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/pfas-chemical-lists-and-tiered-testing-methods-descriptions

USEPA. 2019. “Requirements for all Class I Wells and Class I Hazardous Waste Wells.” Accessed June 18, 2019. https://www.epa.gov/uic/requirements-all-class-i-wells-and-class-i-hazardous-waste-wells.

USEPA. 2019. “Research on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).”. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/research-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2019. “Risk Communication.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Last Modified 11/21/2018. Accessed 2/9/2019. https://www.epa.gov/risk/risk-communication

USEPA. 2019. “Superfund Technical Assistance Needs Assessments (TANAs).” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Last Modified 4/9/2019. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/technical-assistance-needs-assessments-tanas

USEPA. 2019. “Superfund: Applicable or Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs).” Last Modified 4-4-2019. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/applicable-or-relevant-and-appropriate-requirements-arars

USEPA. 2019. “USEPA Web page for Cyanobacteria.”. https://www.epa.gov/cyanohabs/learn-about-cyanobacteria-and-cyanotoxins

USEPA. 2019. “Vocabulary Catalog. Terms & Acronyms.” Last Modified December 12, 2019. https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/termsandacronyms/search.do

USEPA. 2019. A Message from The IRIS Program. April 2019. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-04/documents/iris_program_outlook_apr2019.pdf

USEPA. 2019. Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 3 (Update): Ingestion of Water and Other Select Liquids. EPA/600/R-18/259F. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Research and Development).

USEPA. 2019. Field Equipment Cleaning and Decontamination at the FEC. ASBPROC-206-R4. (Athens, GA: Laboratory Services and Applied Science Division USEPA Region 4). https://www.epa.gov/quality/field-equipment-cleaning-and-decontamination-fec

USEPA. 2019. Incremental Sampling Methodology (ISM) at Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Cleanup Sites. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/incremental_sampling_methodology_at_pcb_cleanup_sites.pdf

USEPA. 2019. Leaching Environmental Framework (LEAF) How-To Guide. (OLEM and ORD USEPA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-05/documents/final_leaching_environmental_assessment_framework_leaf_how-to_guide.pdf

USEPA. 2019. Memorandum: Interim Recommendations to Address Groundwater Contaminated with Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctansulfonate. OLEM Directive No. 9283.1-47. (Washington D.C.: Office of Land and Emergency Management US Environmental Protection Agency).
https://www.epa.gov/pfas/interim-recommendations-addressing-groundwater-contaminated-pfoa-and-pfos

USEPA. 2019. Method 533: Determination of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Isotope Dilution Anion Exchange Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry. EPA/815-B-19-20. Office of Water (Cincinnati, OH). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-12/documents/method-533-815b19020.pdf

USEPA. 2019. PFAS Action Plan. EPA 823R18004. (Washington D.C.). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-02/documents/pfas_action_plan_021319_508compliant_1.pdf

USEPA. 2019. Preliminary Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 14. EPA-821-R-19-005. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). October.

USEPA. 2019. Summary Report. Separating Anthropogenic Metals Contamination from Background: A Critical Review of Geochemical Evaluations and Proposal of Alternative Methodology. EPA/600/R-19/196. (Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ecological Risk Assessment Support Center).

USEPA. 2019. System toxicological approaches to define and predict the toxicity of Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. USEPA Grant R839481. January 13, 2020.

USEPA. 2019. Systematic Review Protocol for the PFBA, PFHxA, PFHxS, PFNA, and PFDA IRIS Assessments. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2019. Technical Brief: Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Incineration to Manage PFAS Waste Streams. (Washington D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-09/documents/technical_brief_pfas_incineration_ioaa_approved_final_july_2019.pdf

USEPA. 2019. Technical Brief: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Reviewing Analytical Methods Data for Environmental Samples. EPA-600-F-19-056. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=IO&dirEntryId=346056

USEPA. 2019. The EPA’s Review of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Industrial Wastewater Discharge. EPA-821-R-19-006. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2020. “About the Chemical Safety for Sustainability Research Program.” Last Modified March 11, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-chemical-safety-sustainability-research-program

USEPA. 2020. “Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air.” USEPA Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center. https://www.epa.gov/amtic/compendium-methods-determination-toxic-organic-compounds-ambient-air

USEPA. 2020. “CompTox Chemicals Dashboard.” U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Last Modified October 26, 2021. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/

USEPA. 2020. “Drinking Water Treatability Database.”. https://oaspub.epa.gov/tdb/pages/general/home.do

USEPA. 2020. “EPA PFAS Drinking Water Laboratory Methods.” Last Modified April 27, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/epa-pfas-drinking-water-laboratory-methods

USEPA. 2020. “Expobox Web Page.”. https://www.epa.gov/expobox

USEPA. 2020. “Fact Sheets about the Fourth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR4).”. https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fact-sheets-about-fourth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule-ucmr-4

USEPA. 2020. “PFAS Master List of PFAS Substances (Version 2).” Last Modified August 10, 2021. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/PFASMASTER

USEPA. 2020. “PFAS/EPA: List of 75 Test Samples (Set 1).”. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/epapfas75s1

USEPA. 2020. “PFAS/EPA: List of 75 Test Samples (Set 2).” Accessed 2020. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/EPAPFAS75S2

USEPA. 2020. “PFAS/EPA: ToxCast Chemical Inventory.”. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/epapfasinv

USEPA. 2020. “PFAS|EPA: PFAS structures in DSSTox.” Last Modified August, 2020. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical_lists/PFASSTRUCTV3

USEPA. 2020. “Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program. What is the Toxics Release Inventory?” Last Modified January 14, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/what-toxics-release-inventory

USEPA. 2020. “Water Quality Criteria.” Last Modified October 7, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/wqc

USEPA. 2020. “Water Quality Standards Handbook.” Last Modified August 31, 2020. https://www.epa.gov/wqs-tech/water-quality-standards-handbook

USEPA. 2020. Interim Guidance on Destroying and Disposing of Certain PFAS and PFAS-Containing Materials that are not Consumer Products. EPA-HQ-OLEM-2020-0527-0003. (Washington, DC). December 28. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/interim-guidance-destroying-and-disposing-certain-pfas-and-pfas-containing-materials-are-not

USEPA. 2020. Land Application Requirements for Class A Exceptional Quality Treated Sewage Sludge. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Water U.S Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-11/documents/land-application-classa-memo-2020.pdf

USEPA. 2020. Letter from Earl Ingram, Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, to Ryan Felton. November 24, 2020.

USEPA. 2020. Method 537.1 Determination of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances in Drinking Water by Solid Phase Extraction and Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Revision 2.0. (Washington D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?dirEntryId=348508&Lab=CESER&simpleSearch=0&showCriteria=2&searchAll=537.1&TIMSType=&dateBeginPublishedPresented=03%2F24%2F2018

USEPA. 2020. National Functional Guidelines for High Resolution Superfund Methods Data Review. EPA 542-R-20-007. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/documents/nfg_for_hrsm_superfund_methods_data_review_november_2020.pdf

USEPA. 2020. National Functional Guidelines for Organic Superfund Methods Data Review. EPA 540-R-20-005. (Washington, DC: U.S Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/documents/nfg_for_organic_superfund_methods_data_review_november_2020.pdf

USEPA. 2020. New Approach Methods Work Plan: Reducing use of animals in chemical testing. EPA 615B2001. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2020. PFAS Action Plan: Program Update February 2020. 100K20002. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2020-01/documents/pfas_action_plan_feb2020.pdf

USEPA. 2020. Soil Sampling Procedure. LSASDPROC-300-R4. (Athens, GA). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/Soil-Sampling.pdf

USEPA. 2020. Technical Brief: Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): Incineration to Manage PFAS Waste Streams. (USEPA). Updated February 2020. https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-09/documents/technical_brief_pfas_incineration_ioaa_approved_final_july_2019.pdf

USEPA. 2020. Technical Brief: Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Methods and guidance for sampling and analyzing water and other environmental media. EPA/600/F-17/022h. (Washington, DC). January.

USEPA. 2021. “Analyses to support EPA’s National Primary Drinking Water Rulemaking for PFAS.” Last Modified November 16, 2021. https://sab.epa.gov/ords/sab/f?p=100:18:16490947993:::RP,18:P18_ID:2601

USEPA. 2021. “CWA Analytical Methods for Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances.” USEPA Last Modified March 2, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-and-polyfluorinated-alkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2021. “Draft CCL 5 Chemicals.” Last Modified July 19, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/ccl/draft-ccl-5-chemicals

USEPA. 2021. “EPA Actions to Address PFAS.” Last Modified November 16, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/epa-actions-address-pfas

USEPA. 2021. “EPA Announces First Validated Laboratory Method to Test for PFAS in Wastewater, Surface Water Groundwater, Soils.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Last Modified September 2, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-first-validated-laboratory-method-test-pfas-wastewater-surface-water

USEPA. 2021. “EPA Releases Testing Data Showing PFAS Contamination from Fluorinated Containers.”. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-testing-data-showing-pfas-contamination-fluorinated-containers

USEPA. 2021. “EPA Responds to New Mexico Governor and Acts to Address PFAS Under Hazardous Waste Law.” Last Modified November 4, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-responds-new-mexico-governor-and-acts-address-pfas-under-hazardous-waste-law

USEPA. 2021. “Human Health Toxicity Assessments for GenX Chemicals.” Last Modified November 9, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/human-health-toxicity-assessments-genx-chemicals

USEPA. 2021. “PFAS Explained.” Last Modified October 18, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-explained

USEPA. 2021. “Previous Actions to Address PFAS.” Last Modified November 23, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/previous-actions-address-pfas

USEPA. 2021. “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical Methods, SW-846.”. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-compendium

USEPA. 2021. “USEPA Water Treatment Models GitHub site.”. https://github.com/USEPA/Water_Treatment_Models

USEPA. 2021. 2021 Policy on Children’s Health. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-10/2021-policy-on-childrens-health.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: Clean Water Act Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers Point Source Category. 86 FR 14560. March 17. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/03/17/2021-05402/clean-water-act-effluent-limitations-guidelines-and-standards-for-the-organic-chemicals-plastics-and

USEPA. 2021. Announcement of Final Regulatory Determinations for Contaminants on the Fourth Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List. 86 Federal Register 12272. (USEPA). March 3, 2021. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2021-03-03/pdf/2021-04184.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Community Guide to Incineration. EPA-542-F-21-017. (Office of Land and Emergency Management (5203P) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/401609.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Community Guide to Thermal Desorption. EPA-542-F-21-024. (Office of Land and Emergency Management (5203P) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://semspub.epa.gov/work/HQ/401623.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 14. EPA-821-R-21-001. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water). January 2021.

USEPA. 2021. Emerging Issues in Food Waste Management: Plastic and Persistent Chemical Contaminants. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-08/emergining-issues-in-food-waste-persistent-chemicals-and-plastic-contamination.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Human Health Toxicity Values for Hexafluoropropylene Oxide (HFPO) Dimer Acid and Its Ammonium Salt (CASRN 13252-13-6 and CASRN 62037-80-3). 822R-21-010. (Washington, D.C.). October. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-10/genx-chemicals-toxicity-assessment_tech-edited_oct-21-508.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Human Health Toxicity Values for Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate. EPA/600/R-20/345F. (Washington, DC). April. https://ofmpub.epa.gov/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=542393

USEPA. 2021. Industrial Stormwater Monitoring and Sampling Guide. EPA 832-B-09-003. April.

USEPA. 2021. Memorandum: EPA’s Analytical Chemistry Branch PFAS Testing Rinses from Selected Fluorinated and Non-Fluorinated HDPE Containers. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA – Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention). March 4, 2021. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-03/documents/results-of-rinsates-samples_03042021.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Method 8327 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). (Washington, D.C.: USEPA). July. https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-8327-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas-liquid-chromatographytandem

USEPA. 2021. Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study – 2021 Preliminary Report. EPA-821-R-21-004. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-09/multi-industry-pfas-study_preliminary-2021-report_508_2021.09.08.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Multi-Industry Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Study – 2021 Preliminary Report. EPA-821-R-21-004. (Washington, DC: Office of Water U.S Environmental Protection Agency). September. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-09/multi-industry-pfas-study_preliminary-2021-report_508_2021.09.08.pdf

USEPA. 2021. National PFAS Testing Strategy: Identification of Candidate Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) for Testing. (Washington, DC). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-10/pfas-natl-test-strategy.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Other Test Method 45 (OTM-45) Measurement of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances from Stationary Sources. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/otm_45_semivolatile_pfas_1-13-21.pdf

USEPA. 2021. PFAS Strategic Roadmap. EPA’s Commitment to Action 2021-2024. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2021-10/pfas-roadmap_final-508.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Preliminary Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 15. EPA-821-R-21-003. (Office of Water U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). September.

USEPA. 2021. Proposed Approaches to the Derivation of a Draft Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) (CASRN 1763-23-1) in Drinking Water. External Peer Review Draft. EPA 822-D-21-002. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4304T)). November 2021.

USEPA. 2021. Proposed Approaches to the Derivation of a Draft Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) (CASRN 335-67-1) in Drinking Water. External Peer Review Draft. EPA 822-D-21-001. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4304T)). November 2021.

USEPA. 2021. Provisional Peer-Reviewed Toxicity Values (PPRTVs) Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid (PFBS) and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate. EPA/690/R-21/001F. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). April 2021. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/pprtv/recordisplay.cfm?deid=350061

USEPA. 2021. Research Brief: Potential PFAS Destruction Technology: Pyrolysis and Gasification. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/pitt_research_brief_pyrolysis_final_jan_27_2021_508.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Research Brief: Potential PFAS Destruction Technology: Supercritical Water Oxidation. (USEPA ORD). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2021-01/documents/pitt_research_brief_scwo_final_jan_25_2021_508.pdf

USEPA. 2021. The Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR 5) Program Overview Fact Sheet. EPA-815-F-21-009. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water). December. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-02/ucmr5-factsheet.pdf

USEPA. 2021. Toxic substances control act reporting and recordkeeping requirements for perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/tsca-section-8a7-reporting-and-recordkeeping

USEPA. 2022. “2022 National Lakes Assessment – Fish Tissue Study.”. https://www.epa.gov/choose-fish-and-shellfish-wisely/2022-national-lakes-assessment-fish-tissue-study

USEPA. 2022. “3M Agrees to EPA Order to Sample and Provide Treatment for PFAS Contamination in Drinking Water near Cordova, IL Facility.” Last Modified November 3, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/3m-agrees-epa-order-sample-and-provide-treatment-pfas-contamination-drinking-water

USEPA. 2022. “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law | US EPA.”. https://www.epa.gov/infrastructure

USEPA. 2022. “Clean Air Technology Center Products.” Last Modified November 21, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/catc/clean-air-technology-center-products#factsheets

USEPA. 2022. “CMAQ: The Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System.” Last Modified March 7, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/cmaq

USEPA. 2022. “Drinking Water Contaminant Human Health Effects Information.” Last Modified September 16, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/drinking-water-contaminant-human-health-effects-information#content

USEPA. 2022. “Emerging Contaminations and Federal Facility Contaminants of Concern.” Last Modified December 15, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/fedfac/emerging-contaminants-and-federal-facility-contaminants-concern

USEPA. 2022. “EPA Announces New Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFAS Chemicals, $1 Billion in Bipartisan Infrastructure Law Funding to Strengthen Health Protections.” Last Modified June 15, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-new-drinking-water-health-advisories-pfas-chemicals-1-billion-bipartisan

USEPA. 2022. “Human Health Toxicity Assessments for GenX Chemicals.” Last Modified December 27, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/human-health-toxicity-assessments-genx-chemicals

USEPA. 2022. “Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Glossary.”. https://iaspub.epa.gov/sor_internet/registry/termreg/searchandretrieve/glossariesandkeywordlists/search.do?details=&vocabName=IRIS%20Glossary

USEPA. 2022. “Learn about Risk Communication.” Last Modified July 14, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/risk-communication/learn-about-risk-communication

USEPA. 2022. “PFAS Thermal Treatment Database.”. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/pfas-thermal-treatment-database-pfastt

USEPA. 2022. “PFAS|EPA: PFAS Structures in DSSTox (update August 2022).” U.S. EPA. https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical-lists/PFASSTRUCTV5

USEPA. 2022. “Regional Screening Levels User’s Guide, Introduction.” Last Modified November 29, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide#intro

USEPA. 2022. “Research on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).” Last Modified November 18, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/chemical-research/research-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2022. “Tribal PFAS Monitoring Results.”. https://sdwis.epa.gov/ords/sfdw_pub/r/sfdw/sdwis_fed_reports_public/tribal_pfas

USEPA. 2022. “TSCA Section 8(a)(7) Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.”. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/tsca-section-8a7-reporting-and-recordkeeping

USEPA. 2022. Draft Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). EPA-842-D-22-002. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T)). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-04/pfos-report-2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Draft Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA-842-D-22-001. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T)). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-04/pfoa-report-2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Draft Method 1621. Screening Method for the Determination of Adsorbable Organic Fluorine (AOF) in Aqueous Matrices by Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC). EPA 821-D-22-002. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T)). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-and-polyfluorinated-alkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2022. Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 5-Final. Federal Register 87(218): 68060-68085. (Washington, D.C.). https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-11-14/pdf/2022-23963.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Drinking Water Health Advisory: Hexafluoropropylene Oxide (HFPO) Dimer Acid (CASRN 13252-13-6) and HFPO Dimer Acid Ammonium Salt (CASRN 62037-80-3), Also Known as “GenX Chemicals.” EPA/822/R-22/005. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water). June. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-health-advisories-has

USEPA. 2022. Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid (CASRN 375-73-5) and Related Compound Potassium Perfluorobutane Sulfonate (CASRN 29420-49-3). EPA/822/R-22/006. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water). https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/drinking-water-health-advisories-has

USEPA. 2022. EPA Response to the External Peer Review of U.S. EPA’s “Draft Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS).” EPA-842-D-22-003. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/aquatic-life-criteria-perfluorooctane-sulfonate-pfos

USEPA. 2022. EPA Response to the External Peer Review of U.S. EPA’s “Draft Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA).” EPA-842-D-22-004. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water Office of Science and Technology). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/wqc/aquatic-life-criteria-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa

USEPA. 2022. EPA’s PFAS Strategic Roadmap: A Year of Progress. EPA-800-K-22-001. (Washington, D.C.). November 2022. https://www.epa.gov/pfas

USEPA. 2022. Fact Sheet: Draft 2022 Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS). EPA-842-D-22-005. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T)). April 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-04/pfoa-pfos-draft-factsheet-2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS). CASRN 1763-23-1. EPA/822/R-22/004. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). June 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-06/interim-pfos-2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Interim Drinking Water Health Advisory: Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). CASRN 335-67-1. EPA/822/R-22/003. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). June 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-06/interim-pfoa-2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. IRIS Toxicological Review of Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA, CASRN 375-22-4) and Related Salts (Final Report, 2022). EPA/635/R-22/277F. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). December 2022. www.epa.gov/iris

USEPA. 2022. Lifetime Drinking Water Health Advisories for Four Perfluoroalkyl Substances. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water). June 21, 2022. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-06-21/pdf/2022-13158.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Memorandum Results of EPA’s Analytical Chemistry Branch Laboratory Study of PFAS Leaching from Fluorinated HDPE Containers. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA – Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention). August 12, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-09/EPA%20PFAS%20Container%20Leaching%20Study%2008122022_0.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Memorandum. Addressing PFAS Discharges in EPA-Issued NPDES Permits and Expectations Where EPA is the Pretreatment Control Authority. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Water (4303T)). April 28, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-04/npdes_pfas-memo.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Memorandum. Addressing PFAS Discharges in NPDES Permits and Through the Pretreatment Program and Monitoring Programs. (Washington, D.C.). December 5, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2022-12/NPDES_PFAS_State%20Memo_December_2022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Proposed Rule: Changes to Reporting Requirements for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and to Supplier Notifications for Chemicals of Special Concern; Community Right-to-Know Toxic Chemical Release Reporting. Federal Register, Vol. 87, No. 232. December 5, 2022. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-12-05/pdf/2022-26022.pdf

USEPA. 2022. Proposed Rule: Designation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesufonic Acid (PFOS) as CERCLA Hazardous Substances. Federal Register, Vol 87, No. 171. September 6, 2022. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-09-06/pdf/2022-18657.pdf

USEPA. 2023. “Addition of Certain PFAS to the TRI by the National Defense Authorization Act.” Last Modified March 3, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/implementing-statutory-addition-certain-and-polyfluoroalkyl

USEPA. 2023. “Basic Information About Biosolids.” Last Modified January 18, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/biosolids/basic-information-about-biosolids

USEPA. 2023. “Changes to TRI Reporting Requirements for Per- and Poly.”. https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/changes-tri-reporting-requirements-and-polyfluoroalkyl

USEPA. 2023. “How EPA’s Recommended Standards and Ecolabels Address Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).” Last Modified June 7, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/greenerproducts/how-epas-recommended-standards-and-ecolabels-address-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances

USEPA. 2023. “Key EPA Actions to Address PFAS.” Last Modified March 14, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/key-epa-actions-address-pfas

USEPA. 2023. “Now Available: Latest Update to the TSCA Inventory.” Last Modified May 3, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca/now-available-latest-update-tsca-inventory-4

USEPA. 2023. “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS).” Last Modified March 14, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/pfas

USEPA. 2023. “PFAS Analytic Tools.” USEPA, Enforcement and Compliance History Online (ECHO). Last Modified May 22, 2023. https://echo.epa.gov/trends/pfas-tools

USEPA. 2023. “PFAS Proposed National Primary Drinking Water Regulation.” Last Modified April 7, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2023. “Regional Removal Management Levels (RMLs) User’s Guide. May 2023.” Last Modified November 18, 2022. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-removal-management-levels-rmls-users-guide

USEPA. 2023. “Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – Generic Tables. Tables as of November 2023.”. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables

USEPA. 2023. “Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – User’s Guide.” Last Modified November 2023. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide

USEPA. 2023. 4th Draft Method 1633. Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous, Solid, Biosolids, and Tissue Samples by LC-MS/MS. EPA 821-D-23-001. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4303T)). December. https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-and-polyfluorinated-alkyl-substances-pfas#draft-method-1633

USEPA. 2023. A Message from the IRIS Program. IRIS Program Outlook. February 2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-02/IRIS%20Program%20Outlook_Feb%202023.pdf

USEPA. 2023. Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 15. EPA-821-R-22-004. (Washington, DC). January. https://www.epa.gov/eg/current-effluent-guidelines-program-plan

USEPA. 2023. Environmental Technologies Design Option Tool (ETDOT). https://www.epa.gov/water-research/environmental-technologies-design-option-tool-etdot

USEPA. 2023. Federal Register: PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation Rulemaking. 40 CFR Parts 141 and 142. (Washington, DC). March 29. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2023-03-29/pdf/2023-05471.pdf

USEPA. 2023. Framework for Estimating Noncancer Health Risks Associated with Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). EPA 822-P-23-003. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water and Office of Research and Development). March 2023.

USEPA. 2023. Framework for TSCA New Chemicals Review of PFAS Premanufacture Notices (PMNs) and Significant New Use Notices (SNUNs). 6-28-2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-06/PFAS%20Framework_Public%20Release_6-28-23_Final_508c.pdf

USEPA. 2023. Human Health Toxicity Value for Lithium bis [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]azanide (HQ-115) (CASRN 90076-65-6│DTXSID8044468). EPA/600/R-22/195F. (Washington, DC). https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=358288&Lab=CPHEA

USEPA. 2023. Human Health Toxicity Value for Perfluoropropanoic Acid (CASRN 422-64-0│ DTXSID8059970). EPA/600/R-22/042F. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Research and Development). https://assessments.epa.gov/risk/document/&deid%3D358291

USEPA. 2023. Implementing Statutory Addition of Certain Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to the Toxics Release Inventory Beginning with Reporting Year 2023. EPA-HQ-OPPT-2023-0223-0001. https://www.regulations.gov/document/EPA-HQ-OPPT-2023-0223-0001

USEPA. 2023. IRIS Toxicological Review of Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) and Related Salts (Public Comment and External Review Draft). EPA/635/R-23/056a. (Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). www.epa.gov/iris

USEPA. 2023. IRIS Toxicological Review of Perfluorohexanesulfonic Acid (PFHxS) and Related Salts (Public Comment and External Review Draft). EPA-635-R-23-056. (Wasington, DC). www.epa.gov/iris

USEPA. 2023. IRIS Toxicological Review of Perfluorohexanoic Acid (PFHxA) [CASRN 307-24-4] and Related Salts. (Final Report, 2023). EPA/635/R-23/027F. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). February 2022. www.epa.gov/iris

USEPA. 2023. Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG) Summary Document for a Mixture of Four Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS): GenX Chemicals, PFBS, PFNA and PFHxS. EPA-822-P-23-004. (Washington, DC).

USEPA. 2023. Memorandum: Verification Analysis for PFAS in Pesticide Products. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA – Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention). May 18, 2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-05/BEAD%20PFAS%20Study%20Results%202023.pdf

USEPA. 2023. ORD Human Health Toxicity Value for Lithium bis [(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]azanide (HQ-115) (CASRN 90076-65-6│DTXSID8044468). EPA/600/R-22/195F. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA). https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=358288&Lab=CPHEA

USEPA. 2023. ORD Human Health Toxicity Value for Perfluoropropanoic Acid (CASRN 422-64-0 | DTXSID8059970). EPA/600/R-22-042F. (Washington, D.C.: USEPA). https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_Report.cfm?dirEntryId=358291&Lab=CPHEA

USEPA. 2023. ORD Human Health Toxicity Value for Perfluoropropanoic Acid (CASRN 422-64-0 | DTXSID8059970). EPA/600/R-22/042F. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?Lab=CPHEA&dirEntryId=358291

USEPA. 2023. Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Chemical Substances Designated as Inactive on the TSCA Inventory; Significant New Use Rule. Federal Register 88(17): 4937-4945. (Washington, DC).

USEPA. 2023. Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Chemical Substances Designated as Inactive on the TSCA Inventory; Significant New Use Rule. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/01/26/2023-01156/per–and-poly-fluoroalkyl-chemical-substances-designated-as-inactive-on-the-tsca-inventory

USEPA. 2023. PFAS Drinking Water Methods: Past, Present, and Future. Small Drinking Water Systems Webinar. October 31. https://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_file_download.cfm?p_download_id=548207&Lab=CESER

USEPA. 2023. Pore Water Sampling. LSASDPROC-513-R5. (Athens, GA: Region 4 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, LaboratoryServices and Applied Science Division). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-07/documents/pore_water_sampling513_af.r3.pdf

USEPA. 2023. PUBLIC COMMENT DRAFT. Toxicity Assessment and Proposed Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) in Drinking Water. EPA-822-P-23-007. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4304T)). March. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/human-health-toxicity-assessment-perfluorooctane-sulfonic-acid-pfos

USEPA. 2023. PUBLIC COMMENT DRAFT. Toxicity Assessment and Proposed Maximum Contaminant Level Goal for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) in Drinking Water. EPA-822-P-23-005. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4304T)). March. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/human-health-toxicity-assessment-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa

USEPA. 2023. Soil Sampling. LSASDPROC-300-R5. (Laboratory Services & Applied Science Division USEPA Region 4). April 22. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-06/documents/Soil-Sampling.pdf

USEPA. 2023. Subsurface Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) Distribution at Two Contaminated Sites. EPA 600/R-23/294. (Washington, D.C.). November. www.epa.gov/research

USEPA. 2023. Technologies and Costs for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water. EPA-822-P-23-011.

USEPA. 2024. “CWA Analytical Methods for Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl Substances (PFAS).” Last Modified December 9, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-and-polyfluorinated-alkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2024. “Designation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Perfluorooctanesulfonic Acid (PFOS) as CERCLA Hazardous Substances.” Last Modified May 8, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/superfund/designation-perfluorooctanoic-acid-pfoa-and-perfluorooctanesulfonic-acid-pfos-cercla

USEPA. 2024. “ECOTOX Knowledgebase.” Last Modified March 22, 2024. https://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/

USEPA. 2024. “EPA Grants Petition on Three PFAS Found in Fluorinated Plastic Containers.” Last Modified March 21, 2025. https://www.epa.gov/chemicals-under-tsca/epa-grants-petition-three-pfas-found-fluorinated-plastic-containers

USEPA. 2024. “EPA Issues Test Order for PFAS Used in Manufacturing Under National Testing Strategy.” Last Modified October 9, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-issues-test-order-pfas-used-manufacturing-under-national-testing-strategy

USEPA. 2024. “EPA Releases New Methodology to Detect Low Levels of PFAS in Plastic Containers.”. https://www.epa.gov/pesticides/epa-releases-new-methodology-detect-low-levels-pfas-plastic-containers

USEPA. 2024. “EPA Releases New Science-Based Recommendations to Help More States, Tribes, and Territories Reduce Exposure to PFAS in Fish.”. https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-releases-new-science-based-recommendations-help-more-states-tribes-and-territories

USEPA. 2024. “Fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule.” Last Modified May 16, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/fifth-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule

USEPA. 2024. “Final PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation.” Last Modified May 17, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas

USEPA. 2024. “Method 1633 for 40 PFAS Compounds, Errata.” Last Modified April 18, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods/cwa-analytical-methods-and-polyfluorinated-alkyl-substances-pfas#1633-errata

USEPA. 2024. “PFAS Analytical Methods Development and Sampling Research.” USEPA. Last Modified December 11, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/pfas-analytical-methods-development-and-sampling-research#:~:text=Standard%20Analytical%20Methods%20%20%20%20Media%20,for%20non-drinking%20…%20%209%20more%20rows%20

USEPA. 2024. “PFAS Enforcement Discretion and Settlement Policy Under CERCLA.” Last Modified April 19, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/pfas-enforcement-discretion-and-settlement-policy-under-cercla

USEPA. 2024. “Proposal to Clarify Authority to Address Releases of Hazardous Waste at Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities.” Last Modified March 27, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/hw/proposal-clarify-authority-address-releases-hazardous-waste-treatment-storage-and-disposal

USEPA. 2024. “Proposal to List Nine Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Hazardous Constituents.” Last Modified April 10, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/hw/proposal-list-nine-and-polyfluoroalkyl-compounds-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act

USEPA. 2024. “Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – Generic Tables. Tables as of November 2024.”. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-generic-tables

USEPA. 2024. “Regional Screening Levels (RSLs) – User’s Guide. Laat Modified November 2024.”. https://www.epa.gov/risk/regional-screening-levels-rsls-users-guide

USEPA. 2024. “Sewage Sludge Incineration Units (SSI): New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) and Emission Guidelines (EG).”. https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/sewage-sludge-incineration-units-ssi-new-source-performance

USEPA. 2024. “TRI – Listed Chemicals.” Last Modified May 8, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program/tri-listed-chemicals

USEPA. 2024. “TSCA Section 8(a)(7) Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.” Last Modified December 19, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/tsca-section-8a7-reporting-and-recordkeeping

USEPA. 2024. Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life Benchmarks for Eight Data-Limited PFAS: PFBA, PFHxA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBS, PFHxS, 8:2 FTUCA, and 7:3 FTCA. EPA 822R24009. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-09/pfas-report-2024.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Best Available Technologies and Small System Compliance Technologies for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Drinking Water. EPA-815R24011. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/2024-final-pfas-bat-ssct_final-508.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Clean Water Act Financial Capability Assessment Guidance. March 2024 Revision, 800B24001. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2023-01/cwa-financial-capability-assessment-guidance.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Clean Water State Revolving Fund, City of Orlando Water Reclamation Division Technology Pilot of PFAS Destruction in Biosolids. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-03/emerging-contaminants-florida-case_study.pdf

USEPA. 2024. DRAFT Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria: Perfluorobutane Sulfonic Acid (PFBS) and Related Salts. EPA 822P24003. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-12/pfbs-hhc-draft.pdf

USEPA. 2024. DRAFT Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria: Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid (PFOS) and Related Salts. EPA 822P24002. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-12/pfos-hhc-draft.pdf

USEPA. 2024. DRAFT Human Health Ambient Water Quality Criteria: Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Related Salts. EPA 822P24001. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-12/pfoa-hhc-draft.pdf

USEPA. 2024. FINAL Human Health Toxicity Assessment for Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acis (PFOS) and Related Salts. 815R24007. (Washington, DC: Office of Water (4304T) U.S Environmental Protection Agency). April. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/main_final-toxicity-assessment-for-pfos_2024-04-09-refs-formatted_508c.pdf

USEPA. 2024. FINAL Human Health Toxicity Assessment for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) and Related Salts. 815R24006. (Washington, DC: Office of Water (4304T) U.S Environmental Protection Agency). April. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/main_final-toxicity-assessment-for-pfoa_2024-04-09-refs-formatted.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Framework for Estimating Noncancer Health Risks Associated with Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). (Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/final-pfas-mix-framework-3.25.24_final-508.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Freshwater Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria and Acute Saltwater Benchmark for Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS). EPA 842R24003. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-09/pfos-report-2024.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Freshwater Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality Criteria and Acute Saltwater Benchmark for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA). EPA 842R24002. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-09/pfoa-report-2024.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Interim Guidance on the Destruction and Disposal of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Materials Containing Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances – Version 2. April 8. https://www.epa.gov/pfas/interim-guidance-destroying-and-disposing-certain-pfas-and-pfas-containing-materials-are-not

USEPA. 2024. IRIS Toxicological Review of Perfluorononanoic Acid (PFNA) and Related Salts CASRN 375-95-1 (Public Comment and External Review Draft). EPA/635/R-24/031a. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://www.epa.gov/iris

USEPA. 2024. Method 1621. Determination of Adsorbable Organic Fluorine (AOF) in Aqueous Matrices by Combustion Ion Chromatography (CIC). EPA 821-R-24-002. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4303T)). https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods

USEPA. 2024. Method 1633, Revision A. Analysis of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Aqueous, Solid, Biosolids, and Tissue Samples by LC-MS/MS. EPA 820-R-24-007. (Washington, DC: USEPA Office of Water (4303T)). https://www.epa.gov/cwa-methods

USEPA. 2024. ORD Human Health Toxicity Value for 6:2 Fluorotelomer Sulfonic Acid (CASRN 27619-97-2|DTXSID6067331). (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). https://ordspub.epa.gov/ords/eims/eimscomm.getfile?p_download_id=550383

USEPA. 2024. Other Test Method 45 (OTM-45) Measurement of Selected Per- and Polyfluorinated Alkyl. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-01/other-test-method-45-rev1-final-1-14-25.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Other Test Method 50 (OTM-50) Sampling and Analysis of Volatile Fluorinated Compounds from Stationary Sources Using Passivated Stainless-Steel Canisters. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-01/otm-50-release-1_0.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Preliminary Remediation Goals for Radionuclides at Superfund Sites. https://epa-prgs.ornl.gov/radionuclides/

USEPA. 2024. Quantitative Extraction and Analysis of PFAS from Plastic Container Walls with Cut Coupons by LC/MSMS. Version 1.0. (USEPA OPP/BEAD/Analytical Chemistry Branch). February 12. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-02/quantitative-extraction-and-analysis-of-pfas-from-plastic-container-walls-with-cut-coupons.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Small and Rural Systems Fact Sheet. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/pfas-npdwr_fact-sheet_monitoring_4.8.24.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Technologies and Costs for Removing Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Drinking Water. EPA-815-R-24-012. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2024-04/2024-pfas-tech-cost_final-508.pdf

USEPA. 2024. Toxicological Review of Perfluorodecanoic Acid (PFDA) and Related Salts. (Final Report). EPA/635/R-24/172Fa. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. 2024. Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule: Methods Request and Webinar. Federal Register 89 (27): 8584-8598. (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). February 8. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2024-02-08/pdf/2024-02247.pdf

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Zeng, Jicai, Mark L. Brusseau, and Bo Guo. 2021. “Model validation and analyses of parameter sensitivity and uncertainty for modeling long-term retention and leaching of PFAS in the vadose zone.” Journal of Hydrology 603: 127172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.127172

Zeng, Jingwen, Kai Liu, Xiao Liu, Zhongen Tang, Xiujuan Wang, Renchuan Fu, Xiaojun Lin, Na Liu, and Jinrong Qiu. 2024. “Driving factor, source identification, and health risk of PFAS contamination in groundwater based on the self-organizing map.” Water Research 267: 122458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2024.122458

Zenobio, Jenny E., Mahsa Modiri-Gharehveran, Chloe de Perre, Chad D. Vecitis, and Linda S. Lee. 2020. “Reductive transformation of perfluorooctanesulfonate by nNiFe0-Activated carbon.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 397: 122782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122782

Zenobio, Jenny E., Omobayo A. Salawu, Ziwei Han, and Adeyemi S. Adeleye. 2022. “Adsorption of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to containers.” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 7: 100130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100130

Zhang, Chaojie, Yan Qu, Xiaoyun Zhao, and Qi Zhou. 2015. “Photoinduced Reductive Decomposition of Perflurooctanoic Acid in Water: Effect of Temperature and Ionic Strength.” CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 43 (2): 223-228. https://doi.org/10.1002/clen.201300869

Zhang, Chuhui, Zachary R. Hopkins, James McCord, Mark J. Strynar, and Detlef R. U. Knappe. 2019. “Fate of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Ether Acids in the Total Oxidizable Precursor Assay and Implications for the Analysis of Impacted Water.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 6 (11): 662-668. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.9b00525

Zhang, D. Q., W. L. Zhang, and Y. N. Liang. 2019. “Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from aqueous solution – A review.” Science of The Total Environment 694: 133606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133606

Zhang, Dongqing, Weilan Zhang, and Yanna Liang. 2019. “Distribution of eight perfluoroalkyl acids in plant-soil-water systems and their effect on the soil microbial community.” Science of The Total Environment 697: 134146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134146

Zhang, H., W. Liu, X. He, Y. Wang, and Q. Zhang. 2015. “Uptake of perfluoroalkyl acids in the leaves of coniferous and deciduous broad-leaved trees.” Environ Toxicol Chem 34 (7): 1499-504. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.2968

Zhang, H., Y. Lu, B. Luo, S. Yan, X. Guo, and J. Dai. 2014. “Proteomic analysis of mouse testis reveals perfluorooctanoic acid-induced reproductive dysfunction via direct disturbance of testicular steroidogenic machinery.” J Proteome Res 13 (7): 3370-85. https://doi.org/10.1021/pr500228d

Zhang, Hongxia, Xiujuan Zhou, Nan Sheng, Ruina Cui, Qianqian Cui, Hua Guo, Yong Guo, Yan Sun, and Jiayin Dai. 2018. “Subchronic Hepatotoxicity Effects of 6:2 Chlorinated Polyfluorinated Ether Sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFESA), a Novel Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Alternative, on Adult Male Mice.” Environmental Science & Technology 52 (21): 12809-12818. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b04368

Zhang, Kai, Amir Hossein Hamidian, Aleksandra Tubić, Yu Zhang, James K. H. Fang, Chenxi Wu, and Paul K. S. Lam. 2021. “Understanding plastic degradation and microplastic formation in the environment: A review.” Environmental Pollution 274: 116554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116554

Zhang, L., L. S. Lee, J. Niu, and J. Liu. 2017. “Kinetic analysis of aerobic biotransformation pathways of a perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) precursor in distinctly different soils.” Environ Pollut 229: 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.074

Zhang, Lianying, Xiao-Min Ren, and Liang-Hong Guo. 2013. “Structure-Based Investigation on the Interaction of Perfluorinated Compounds with Human Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (19): 11293-11301. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4026722

Zhang, Lu, Hongwen Sun, Qi Wang, Hao Chen, Yiming Yao, Zhen Zhao, and Alfredo C. Alder. 2019. “Uptake mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.).” Science of The Total Environment 654: 19-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.443

Zhang, Luyao, Zhiyuan Meng, Li Chen, Guiting Zhang, Wenjun Zhang, Zhongnan Tian, Zikang Wang, Simin Yu, Zhiqiang Zhou, and Jinling Diao. 2020. “Perfluorooctanoic acid exposure impact a trade-off between self-maintenance and reproduction in lizards (Eremias argus) in a gender-dependent manner.” Environmental Pollution 262: 114341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114341

Zhang, Mengke, and Eric M. Suuberg. 2023. “Estimation of vapor pressures of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) using COSMOtherm.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 443: 130185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130185

Zhang, Mengke, Kyle Yamada, Stephen Bourguet, Jennifer Guelfo, and Eric M. Suuberg. 2020. “Vapor Pressure of Nine Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Determined Using the Knudsen Effusion Method.” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data 65 (5): 2332-2342. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.9b00922

Zhang, Mengyu, Dongyu Xu, Linghua Liu, Yiting Wei, and Bo Gao. 2023. “Vertical Differentiation of Microplastics Influenced by Thermal Stratification in a Deep Reservoir.” Environmental Science & Technology 57 (17): 6999-7008. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c09448

Zhang, Ruiming, Wei Yan, and Chuanyong Jing. 2015. “Experimental and molecular dynamic simulation study of perfluorooctane sulfonate adsorption on soil and sediment components.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 29: 131-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.11.001

Zhang, Shu, Bogdan Szostek, Patricia K. McCausland, Barry W. Wolstenholme, Xiaoxia Lu, Ning Wang, and Robert C. Buck. 2013. “6:2 and 8:2 Fluorotelomer Alcohol Anaerobic Biotransformation in Digester Sludge from a WWTP under Methanogenic Conditions.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (9): 4227-4235. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4000824

Zhang, T., G. Pan, and Q. Zhou. 2016. “Temperature effect on photolysis decomposing of perfluorooctanoic acid.” J Environ Sci (China) 42: 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2015.05.008

Zhang, T., H. Sun, Y. Lin, X. Qin, Y. Zhang, X. Geng, and K. Kannan. 2013. “Distribution of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in matched samples from pregnant women and carbon chain length related maternal transfer.” Environ Sci Technol 47 (14): 7974-81. https://doi.org/10.1021/es400937y

Zhang, W., Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Wang, R. Cui, and J. Dai. 2012. “Sex differences in transcriptional expression of FABPs in zebrafish liver after chronic perfluorononanoic acid exposure.” Environmental Science and Technology 46 (9): 5175-5182. https://doi.org/10.1021/es300147w

Zhang, Weilan, and Yanna Liang. 2022. “Changing bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to plant in biosolids amended soil through stabilization or mobilization.” Environmental Pollution 308: 119724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119724

Zhang, Weilan, and Yanna Liang. 2022. “Hydrothermal liquefaction of sewage sludge – effect of four reagents on relevant parameters related to biocrude and PFAS.” Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 10 (1): 107092. /. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107092

Zhang, Weilan, and Yanna Liang. 2022. “Performance of different sorbents toward stabilizing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil.” Environmental Advances 8: 100217. /. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100217

Zhang, Weilan, Dongqing Zhang, and Yanna Liang. 2019. “Nanotechnology in remediation of water contaminated by poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances: A review.” Environmental Pollution 247: 266-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.01.045

Zhang, Weilan, Huimin Cao, and Yanna Liang. 2021. “Plant uptake and soil fractionation of five ether-PFAS in plant-soil systems.” Science of The Total Environment 771: 144805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144805

Zhang, Weilan, Huimin Cao, Seshasayee Mahadevan Subramanya, Phillip Savage, and Yanna Liang. 2020. “Destruction of Perfluoroalkyl Acids Accumulated in Typha latifolia through Hydrothermal Liquefaction.” ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 8 (25): 9257-9262. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c03249

Zhang, Weilan, Nina Tran, and Yanna Liang. 2022. “Uptake of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) by soybean across two generations.” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 8: 100170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100170

Zhang, Xianming, Rainer Lohmann, Clifton Dassuncao, Xindi C. Hu, Andrea K. Weber, Chad D. Vecitis, and Elsie M. Sunderland. 2016. “Source Attribution of Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Surface Waters from Rhode Island and the New York Metropolitan Area.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 3 (9): 316-321. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.6b00255

Zhang, Xianming, Trevor N. Brown, Frank Wania, Eldbjørg S. Heimstad, and Kai-Uwe Goss. 2010. “Assessment of chemical screening outcomes based on different partitioning property estimation methods.” Environment International 36 (6): 514-520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2010.03.010

Zhang, Y., S. Beesoon, L. Zhu, and J. W. Martin. 2013. “Biomonitoring of perfluoroalkyl acids in human urine and estimates of biological half-life.” Environ Sci Technol 47 (18): 10619-27. https://doi.org/10.1021/es401905e

Zhang, Zhihan, Mengxing Cui, Han Wang, Wenke Yuan, Ziqi Liu, Huan Gao, Xinchao Guan, Xiaoyu Chen, Lijie Xie, Shilin Chen, Yujie He, and Qing Wang. 2025. “Co-exposure to F-53B and nanoplastics induced hepatic glucolipid metabolism disorders by the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.” Environmental Pollution 368: 125771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125771

Zhao, Baoxiu, Mou Lv, and Li Zhou. 2012. “Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid with β-Ga2O3 in anoxic aqueous solution.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 24 (4): 774-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60818-8

Zhao, H., C. Chen, X. Zhang, J. Chen, and X. Quan. 2011. “Phytotoxicity of PFOS and PFOA to Brassica chinensis in different Chinese soils.” Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74 (5): 1343-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.03.007

Zhao, Hongying, Junxia Gao, Guohua Zhao, Jiaqi Fan, Yanbin Wang, and Yujing Wang. 2013. “Fabrication of novel SnO2-Sb/carbon aerogel electrode for ultrasonic electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoate with high catalytic efficiency.” Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 136-137: 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.02.013

Zhao, Hua-Zhang, Lei Wang, Ying-Yue Chang, and Yi Xu. 2016. “High-efficiency removal of perfluorooctanoic acid from water by covalently bound hybrid coagulants (CBHyC) bearing a hydrophobic quaternary ammonium group.” Separation and Purification Technology 158: 9-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2015.11.044

Zhao, L., M. Zhou, T. Zhang, and H. Sun. 2013. “Polyfluorinated and perfluorinated chemicals in precipitation and runoff from cities across eastern and central China.” Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 64 (2): 198-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-012-9832-x

Zhao, Lijie, Patricia K. McCausland, Patrick W. Folsom, Barry W. Wolstenholme, Hongwen Sun, Ning Wang, and Robert C. Buck. 2013. “6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol aerobic biotransformation in activated sludge from two domestic wastewater treatment plants.” Chemosphere 92 (4): 464-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.032

Zhao, Lijie, Patrick W. Folsom, Barry W. Wolstenholme, Hongwen Sun, Ning Wang, and Robert C. Buck. 2013. “6:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol biotransformation in an aerobic river sediment system.” Chemosphere 90 (2): 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.035

Zhao, Lixia, Jingna Bian, Yahui Zhang, Lingyan Zhu, and Zhengtao Liu. 2014. “Comparison of the sorption behaviors and mechanisms of perfluorosulfonates and perfluorocarboxylic acids on three kinds of clay minerals.” Chemosphere 114: 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.098

Zhao, Lixia, Yifeng Zhang, Shuhong Fang, Lingyan Zhu, and Zhengtao Liu. 2014. “Comparative sorption and desorption behaviors of PFHxS and PFOS on sequentially extracted humic substances.” Journal of Environmental Sciences 26 (12): 2517-2525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2014.04.009

Zhao, Pujun, Xinghui Xia, Jianwei Dong, Na Xia, Xiaoman Jiang, Yang Li, and Yuemei Zhu. 2016. “Short- and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediment of a turbid river.” Science of The Total Environment 568: 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.221

Zhao, S., S. Fang, L. Zhu, L. Liu, Z. Liu, and Y. Zhang. 2014. “Mutual impacts of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and earthworms (Eisenia fetida) on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in soil.” Environ Pollut 184: 495-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2013.09.032

Zhao, S., X. Ma, S. Fang, and L. Zhu. 2016. “Behaviors of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol (N-EtFOSE) in a soil-earthworm system: Transformation and bioaccumulation.” Sci Total Environ 554-555: 186-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.180

Zhao, Shihao, Ruihao Xu, Xiangying Liu, Yifan Wang, and Yanji Jiang. 2025. “Effect of carbon chain length and concentration of perfluorinated compounds on polytetrafluoroethylene microplastics transport behavior.” NanoImpact 37: 100550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.impact.2025.100550

Zhao, Z., Z. Xie, A. Moller, R. Sturm, J. Tang, G. Zhang, and R. Ebinghaus. 2012. “Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast.” Environ Pollut 170: 71-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2012.06.004

Zhao, Zhen, Jianhui Tang, Lijie Mi, Chongguo Tian, Guangcai Zhong, Gan Zhang, Shaorui Wang, Qilu Li, Ralf Ebinghaus, Zhiyong Xie, and Hongwen Sun. 2017. “Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the lower atmosphere and surface waters of the Chinese Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and Yangtze River estuary.” Science of The Total Environment 599-600: 114-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.147

Zhao, Zhen, Xianghui Cheng, Xia Hua, Bin Jiang, Chongguo Tian, Jianhui Tang, Qilu Li, Hongwen Sun, Tian Lin, Yuhong Liao, and Gan Zhang. 2020. “Emerging and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water, sediment, and air of the Bohai Sea and its surrounding rivers.” Environmental Pollution 263: 114391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114391

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Zheng, Guomao, Erika Schreder, Jennifer C. Dempsey, Nancy Uding, Valerie Chu, Gabriel Andres, Sheela Sathyanarayana, and Amina Salamova. 2021. “Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Breast Milk: Concerning Trends for Current-Use PFAS.” Environmental Science & Technology. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06978

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Zheng, Qingkai, Muhammad Chhattal, Changning Bai, Zhiwen Zheng, Dan Qiao, Zhenbin Gong, and Junyan Zhang. 2023. “Superlubricity of PTFE triggered by green ionic liquids.” Applied Surface Science 614: 156241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.156241

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Zhi, Yue, and Jinxia Liu. 2018. “Sorption and desorption of anionic, cationic and zwitterionic polyfluoroalkyl substances by soil organic matter and pyrogenic carbonaceous materials.” Chemical Engineering Journal 346: 682-691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.04.042

Zhi, Yue, Xiongwei Lu, Gabriel Munoz, Leo W. Y. Yeung, Amila O. De Silva, Shilai Hao, Huan He, Yonghui Jia, Christopher P. Higgins, and Chuhui Zhang. 2024. “Environmental Occurrence and Biotic Concentrations of Ultrashort-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids: Overlooked Global Organofluorine Contaminants.” Environmental Science & Technology 58 (49): 21393-21410. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c04453

Zhong, Wenjue, Liyuan Zhang, Yannan Cui, Meng Chen, and Lingyan Zhu. 2019. “Probing mechanisms for bioaccumulation of perfluoroalkyl acids in carp (Cyprinus carpio): Impacts of protein binding affinities and elimination pathways.” Science of The Total Environment 647: 992-999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.099

Zhou, J., K. Baumann, R. N. Mead, S. A. Skrabal, R. J. Kieber, G. B. Avery, M. Shimizu, J. C. DeWitt, M. Sun, S. A. Vance, W. Bodnar, Z. Zhang, L. B. Collins, J. D. Surratt, and B. J. Turpin. 2021. “PFOS dominates PFAS composition in ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) collected across North Carolina nearly 20 years after the end of its US production.” Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23 (4): 580-587. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00497A

Zhou, Jiafeng, Ruonan Shu, Chunan Yu, Ze Xiong, Qingfeng Xiao, Zezhi Li, Xiaoxian Xie, and Zhengwei Fu. 2020. “Exposure to low concentration of trifluoromethanesulfonic acid induces the disorders of liver lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in mice.” Chemosphere 258: 127255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127255

Zhou, Jiaqi, Karsten Baumann, Naomi Chang, Glenn Morrison, Wanda Bodnar, Zhenfa Zhang, Joanna M. Atkin, Jason D. Surratt, and Barbara J. Turpin. 2022. “Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in airborne particulate matter (PM2.0) emitted during floor waxing: A pilot study.” Atmospheric Environment 268: 118845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118845

Zhou, Lina, Mengjie Xia, Li Wang, and Hui Mao. 2016. “Toxic effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).” Chemosphere 159: 420-425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.045

Zhou, Minghua, Meiling Chi, Hongyu Wang, and Tao Jin. 2012. “Anode modification by electrochemical oxidation: A new practical method to improve the performance of microbial fuel cells.” Biochemical Engineering Journal 60: 151-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2011.10.014

Zhou, Pengfei, Yi Kong, Dengke Zhang, Albert Juhasz, Qian Zhang, and Xinyi Cui. 2025. “Influence of non-degradable and degradable microplastics on the bioavailability of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance in mice: Mechanism exploration.” Science of The Total Environment 977: 179381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.179381

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Zhou, Qin, Gang Pan, and Wei Shen. 2013. “Enhanced sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and Cr(VI) on organo montmorillonite: influence of solution pH and uptake mechanism.” Adsorption 19 (2): 709-715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10450-013-9496-5

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Zhou, Qin, Shubo Deng, Qiang Yu, Qiaoying Zhang, Gang Yu, Jun Huang, and Hongping He. 2010. “Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate on organo-montmorillonites.” Chemosphere 78 (6): 688-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.12.005

Zhou, Xiujuan, Jianshe Wang, Nan Sheng, Ruina Cui, Yiqun Deng, and Jiayin Dai. 2018. “Subchronic reproductive effects of 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (6:2 Cl-PFAES), an alternative to PFOS, on adult male mice.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 358: 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.004

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Zhu, Jinyuan, Nanyang Yang, Sujan Fernando, Alan Rossner, Thomas M. Holsen, and Yang Yang. 2025. “Piezoelectric Ball Milling Treatment of PFAS-Laden Spent Resins.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 12 (4): 461-466. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5c00196

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